Cluniac Monasticism Essay - 1494 Words

Cluniac Monasticism Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Cluniac monasticism between the tenth and twelfth centuries. The nature of Cluny lay in the circumstances of it’s foundation. It was endowed with a measure of independence by it’s founder, Duke William, allowing the monks to elect their own abbot, placing the abbey directly under the guardianship of St Peter and the Apostolic See. As a house dedicated to reviving strict Benedictine observance Cluny was not unique, but it was this indepencence, the succesion of talented abbots and it’s organisation set up by Abbot Berno that laid the foundations of the abbey’s later greatness. The independence granted Cluny in it’s foundation charter was esssential in the development of†¦show more content†¦Charity and almsgiving also formed a regular part of life at Cluny, which again showed the holiness and faithful observence of the monks. It was a combination of the personal authority of the abbots, the benedictine observence of the Cluniacs and the repute and public esteem in which the order was held that resulted in the expansion of the Order. The success of the order in it’s resoration of benedictine observence attracted invitations by lay magnates for the Cluniacs to reform their monastries, and gifts of houses, some new foundations, some old abbeys. Such reform was not always welcomed by the monks of the profered houses, such as the monks of Fleury. Papal paronage, and the will of lay benefactors meant that from the time of Odilo these reformed houses became dependecies of Cluny. This was not always put into effect immediately, and the tightness of the bond varied from house to house. It was the independence granted in the founding charter that allowed the Order to expand this way, and develop independently. Not only was Cluny free from control of any local magnate or bishop, it was also trusted by all due to this autonomy. Cluny attracted gifts from all levels of society and of all sorts, from monstries, churches and lands, to child oblates, gifts of money large and small and goods. It also attracted manyShow MoreRelated Monasticism And Intellectual L Essay example799 Words   |  4 Pageswere made, and in others, there was a major decline. Through all of these times, the people of the middle ages learned what didn’t work, what did, and how to progress once they found what did work. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The true form of monasticism in the western Christian church was founded by Saint Benedict of Nursia. He wrote the famous quot;Benedict’s Rulequot; between 520-530. The fundamentals of the rule was that each day was divided into a series of activities with an emphasis onRead MoreWhat set the Cistercian order apart from other monastic movements in the twelfth century?2234 Words   |  9 Pageschanges that had taken place. This stance was applied to all aspects of life, such as dress, food, buildings and furniture. Cistercian conviction was entirely steadfast. St. Bernard of Clairvaux’s main complaint against Peter the Venerable (and the Cluniacs in a more general sense) was that they simply did not adhere strictly enough to the rule of St. Benedict. Something one could certainly argue was true. The Cistercian statues decreed that the rule of St. Benedict was nothing other than the pure gospelRead MoreThe Medieval Christian History1493 Words    |  6 Pagesa new idea. The history of Christianity was composed of opposing views and many were ready to break out of the norms and build a stronger definition of Christianity. The significance of grassroots reform was to bring changes into the life of monasticism and create new religious order that would come to play as the foundation of Christian history. The pro of this type of reform was that: it revitalized the significance of monastic life. However, the cons of this type of reform outweigh the pros;

Vocabulary and Phrases Useful for Writing Business Letters

Business writing, whether it be letters or emails, has for most people become an almost daily practice. This sheet provides a detailed list of core vocabulary and phrases that are frequently used when writing business letters or business e-mails in English. It can be a valuable starting point for students who need to use English on an everyday basis for written business communications. If you are a teacher, you might find this specific English terminology and letter lingo useful as well. Oftentimes, these expressions are employed in very specific trade sectors, and thus the core vocabulary sheets go a long way in helping both the instructors and the students inform their formal written expressions. Opening / Greeting / Reply Messrsto the kind attention ofthe aim of this letterwe wish to inform you thatin reply to your letterfollowing your instructions Ending / Complimentary Close always at your serviceawaiting your replybest regardsour kindest regardsto look forward to / looking forward to an early replywe look forward to your kind replylooking forward to hearing from youwe remainwe thank you in advancewe would appreciate it if you could answerwe would appreciate your replyYours faithfully / sincerely (GB) Requests as per your requestas requestedplease allow usplease send usplease send us your instructionswould you please let us havewould you please let us knowyou orderedyou requestedyou sent us Time as soon as possibleat your convenienceat your earliest conveniencebefore the date we agreed uponin due time - in due courseon arrival of the goodson deliveryon receipt of the orderon short noticeon written requestshort-termto be lateto inform in due timewith two weeks noticewithout delaywithin the end of the month Send / Receive / Address / Notify inside addressoutside addresssender addressto notify in advance aboutto let someone know in advanceto reach the destinationto send under separate coverwe acknowledge receipt ofwe have receivedwe sent youwithout notice Letter letter opening - beginning of the letterletter heading - headingbody of the letterenclosure - attachmentcircular letterclaim - letter of complaintcovering letterfrom order receiptfurther to our letter - following our letterto return a letter to the senderthe letter remained unanswered Price / Payment as far as the payment is concernedas per invoiceat your expensehalf-pricein partial paymenton advanced paymentpayable in advanceprices are increasingto be in arrears with paymentsup to an amount of Goods / Items goods listed belowthe following itemsthe goods are available in our warehousethe goods are not similar to the samplethe goods are sold outthe goods arrived in good conditionsto make the goods availablewe hope well receive the goods soon Apology we apologize again forwe apologize forwe apologize for the delaywe apologize for the mistakewe are sorry to have towe are sorry to inform youwe must apologize for Regarding Something or Someone (to act) on behalf ofas far as Im concernedas per to the conditionsas followsdue to oversightherebyin compliance with - accordinglyin the absence ofon condition that - provided thatto refer toto correspond withto suit the quality - to meet the qualityto take into considerationthe matter in referencewith/in reference towith the compliments ofwithin which Meetings / Negotiations the meeting was canceledto fix an appointmentto stop negotiations Meet the Needs in case of needto meet a demandto meet customers requirements Attention our best attentionto pay the maximum attention to the matter Agreement as agreedto agree with Pleasure to have the pleasure toto be delighted to Sell / Order to sell at the bestto be overrun with ordersorder to be confirmed Decisions to come to a decisionto come to an agreement - to reach an agreement Samples similar to sample - up to samplecorrespond to the sampleto submit a sample Other Useful Expressions to be able toto be authorized toto be characterized byto be confident into be interested into be prepared to - to be willing to  to be held responsible forto be in difficultyto cope with the competitionto have the power to  in good conditionin our favorto our mutual benefitour offer is still open(with the) utmost carewith no obligation - without commitment

Baseball vs. Football Free Essays

If you’re like most Americans, you probably have a favorite NFL team. You probably watch football games on TV and if you live in a city with an NFL team, you may shell out the cash to buy a game ticket to cheer them on. That is to say, no matter where you live, you almost certainly watch the Super Bowl, even if it’s just to check out the exciting commercials. We will write a custom essay sample on Baseball vs. Football or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, if you’re not wearing an NFL team logo hat, T-shirt, or jacket today, you’ll almost certainly run into someone who is. The NFL, it seems, has become an unavoidable presence in American culture. Although baseball is know as America’s favorite pastime, professional football is the country’s most popular sport, and has been since the 1960’s. According to Forbes Magazine, the NFL is economically the strongest sports organization in the world today. (Vogan, T. 2011) On the other hand, baseball legends like Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, and Roberto Clemente will always be remembered, especially for their outstanding accomplishments and remarkable sportsmanship. What happened to America’s favorite pastime sport? I grew up playing my favorite game baseball. I remember playing and dreaming of being one of my favorite players. I knew the stats of every player in the baseball league. In particularly, I loved going to the ball park, eating ball park franks, and watching my baseball hero’s play. This was the most exciting childhood memory for me. For this reason, I feel sorry for today’s children. They don’t know what it’s like to sit back and enjoy baseball, like it was back in those days. My greatest fear is that baseball is no longer America’s favorite game. What caused baseball to lose its popularity? It’s not easy to pinpoint. I can only speculate as to how this happened. For one thing, all the scandals, the controversy issues, and the trikes, fans have been disappointed by the unsportsmanlike conduct that resulted from this. The 1990 season bought major controversy. For example, Pete Rose was ruled ineligible for the hall of fame by major league baseball for gambling on games. Lets not forget about the Barry Bonds incident in 2007, that convicted him for the use of steroids in every vain of his body. Certainly, all of the steroid talk led other players down the same road. Players were randomly selected and busted on drug tests, the hitters in baseball have taken a backseat to the pitchers which no one wants to see. Another key point to why baseball is losing its swag, is because the ridiculous salaries paid to the players. USA today provided a detailed report, showing the total payroll for the New York Yankees. The payroll was at a whopping $202,689,025. The average salary for each player was $6,756. 300. (USA Today, 2011) Compared to the NFL New York Giants, total payroll was a mere $138,354,866 and averaged $2,470,622 per player. (USA Today, 2011) Consequently, this has caused a lot of controversy amongst the players, owners, and the league. Let’s talk reality, baseball owners are forking out a huge amount of money, to buy themselves a World Series. In my books you can’t buy a championship. To put it another way, NFL players must display a supreme test of strength and endurance. Unlike baseball, football has a high risk factor for injuries. When comparing the compensation of two sports, it appears the risk factor hasn’t been taken into consideration. In comparison to baseball, football has gained more popularity and amongst our generation today. In 2004 Gallup polls reported that, â€Å"64% percent of Americans identified themselves as football fans, 52% said they were baseball fans. (Isley. K, 2006 pg. 1) In the NFL, we see extremely talented NFL players. Day after day, these men go out and take a beaten. They earn the salary and gain the respect they deserve. You never hear the football league talking about strikes or walkouts. Of course, there are a few football players that embarrass the profession; but the numbers are a lot less noticeable. How many World Series can compare to the excitement of the last couple Super Bowls? The NFL has been able to make the Super Bowl not only exciting with the parity of the league, but they make it the most entertaining of all championship games. In Conclusion, in football we see talented players in the game, making less money then baseball players. They appear to be more loyal and genuine to the game of football. As a kid, I was huge fan of baseball, but I don’t love what it has become. Even though my heart will always be in baseball, I can honestly say that, â€Å"I’m a bigger football fan, at this time in my life†. It appears to be true that baseball is not nearly as popular any more as it once was. Clearly, baseball is not the favorite mass media sport anymore, and hasn’t been for the last 40 years. As television replaced radio as the preferred entertainment medium, football replaced baseball as the preferred sport to watch. References Keith, Isley (2006, August 18) Really? Is baseball less popular? Hard Ball Times, Retrieved from http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/really-is-baseball-less-popular/ USA Today. (2011) Salaries Databases. Retrieved from http://content.usatoday.com/sportsdata/baseball/mlb/salaries/team Vogan, Thomas. (2011, May 02,) Historians, storytellers, mythmakers: NFL films and pro football experience. Proquest Dissertation and Theses. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/862727108?accountid=87314 How to cite Baseball vs. Football, Papers

Leadership for Traits - Characteristics and Motives-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Traits, Characteristics and Motives. Answer: Traits, characteristics and motives of Ellen DeGeneres One of the most important aspects that are needed for the proper wellbeing of the society is to have able leaders. Leaders must always try to break the challenges that are beset in front of the followers. It is the leader that the followers will always look upto and will try to get the advice that would help them for the future days. However in order to be able leaders, they must practice what they preach. Able leaders are those who will keep full faith in the ability of the followers and will help them at each and every step. Leaders must never make the improper usage of their power or position. They must always support and help their followers to grow and develop in their lives. A leader is one who will be able to be with their followers empathetically. In other words, a leader is one who will be able to support the employees morally. One such well-known leader is Ellen DeGeneres, who is known to have positive physical and moral qualities (Peltea 2015, p. 385). Ellen is popular among most of the people mainly because she is a good comedian, anchor and show host. It is important to note that these are not the only qualities that people usually look for in their role models. Ellen is an amazing leader who has been able to challenge all the age-old pre-defined norms and traits of the society (ellentube.com. 2018). Ellen has proudly challenged all the taboos of the society. She is very open about her sexual orientation and does not consider the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community as an isolated group in the society (BBC News. 2018). She is a lesbian herself and she proudly supports and works for the welfare of many other men and women who are isolated by the society due to their sexual orientation. She has been taking part in many of the welfare shows so that she can collect enough money for the welfare of the community. She is the eldest of the four children in her family. Her family went through many hardships and she had to undertake many of the responsibilities. She has been assisting her siblings in many of the works and has been guiding them throughout (Notablebiographies.com. 2018). She says that right from her childhood she was having some of the other kinds of leadership qualities within herself (Rifon Jiang Kim 2016, p-125). Ellen DeGeneres is able to communicate and teach people in a way that is friendly, fun, engaging and easily understandable. As far as the behavioral leadership theory is concerned, Ellen is someone who is always concerned about people.She has done some of the most wonderful and amazing charity activities that have benefited people all over the world (Mayo Jr, J.B., 2015, P.79). Some of these works include the raising of funds for wildlife, giving grant to the Elementary school in Detroit and many other such examples. She and her wife, Portia De Rossi, have been actively participating in activities that help LGBT community lead normal lives in the society. Figure1: The Big Five Theory Ellen is very open to all. She is very light hearted and she never restrains herself from speaking to others. She is very easily approachable. She is very conscientious as well. She likes to be organized in each and every work that she undertakes. As she is a show host and a comedian, she definitely shows extraversion. In other words, she is very social, enjoyable, and talkative and can very well cope up with the social situations. She is very agreeable as she shows a good amount of patience and tolerance level. Ellen has been encouraging people to come forward and talk to her about their problems. Ellen however does not really show any signs of neuroticism as she doesnt get irritated easily. She knows how to deal with all her criticisms in a sarcastic and funny manner. She encourages people to speak for their own rights and embrace their originality. She wants all the people to know their own worth and to love themselves irrespective of their social status, gender, religion and othe r social barriers (Meyer 2015, p.348). Many people might have the thinking that no leaders can be so kindhearted and probably has some other personal interests or gains vested within them. However, Ellens kind and giving trait is definitely not because of such motives (ellentube.com. 2018). She goes beyond her ability to help people because she believes that a little act of kindness and compassion can make the world a better place to live in. She has raised funds and granted huge sum of money in order to support those people who are in need. According to in her show called The Ellen Show, she makes sure that she is lending financial support to those in need (Betterworldinternational.org 2018) A good example is when she gifted a huge amount of about $14,500 through gift cards and appliances to the Redlands Fire who had been very active in helping the victims in the great massacre that occurred in Sothern California (Clarendon 2018). Another example is that there was a huge fire that broke out and burned about 281000 acres. She is very much concerned with the animal welfare then and donated about $100000 to David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (Rodgers and Scobie 2015). Ellen is also an active supporter of education and learning. She hopes thatstudents all around the world are equally educated. She has granted donations to schools trust boards so that the schools can be rebuilt and students will be able to get proper education. With Ellens donation grant of five lakh dollars, The Spain Elementary School in Detroit which was initially in a very bad condition without proper educational facilities and modern scientific technologies for learning, was reconstructed (Cooper Lawrence 2018). As per Ellens opinion, kindness must act as an inbuilt quality within each individual. Whatever she does is driven by her natural instincts. A leader is one who also maintains the social and the ethical responsibilities. It is evident from the fact that she does not only care about the needs of the poeple but also of animals that are neglected and in need of care. Her actions of donating and doing charity activities are not just only for her own country, but all across the world. She is always ready to extend her helping hands to all the people who are in need. (McNicholas Tyler 2017, p-316)All these activities make her the most admired role model. She is not only a show host or a comedian but also an amazing leader. A true leader is someone who will always inspire her followers. Ellen has always been inspiring to others and has never stepped back when she faced challenges. The charismatic theory of leadership is also associated with Ellen (Gillota 2015, p. 110).She possesses all the qualities of a charismatic leader. According to (Riffon et al. 2016, p.126), she is always committed to her goals, highly empathetic to people or things around her and very empowering towards others. People love her because she is very charismatic, humourous and light-hearted. She knows how to keep all her followers happy. One of the very important traits of a charismatic leader is that he or she has to be very envisioning in nature. In other words, she will have to create a vision for her followers to follow. For example, she paved the way for many others in LGBT community. It is known that the society has varying opinions about the LGBT community and what she has done was to make more people accept those in this community. However, Ellen not only supported the LGBT communitys interest but has also addressed those who have criticized her. She was once questioned on why she celebrates the fact that she is a lesbian. Ellen took this matter very lightly and spoke openly on her show saying that she does not even know the meaning of the statement celebrating lesbianism. She laughed it off and answered in a light-hearted manner that indeed she is a lesbian and she celebrates the fact that she is being her own self and is very contented (Meyer, 2015, p.348).She also spoke with Senator John McCain and talked about the rights of the LGBT people in terms of marriages. She is of the belief that there must not be any differentiation among people based on whom they want to get married to (Antonakiset al. 2014, p. 748).People in the LGBT community are the same in all the aspects just like many other people and there is nothing different(Iannucci 2008). All these actions of Ellen show that she is a transformational leader. She tries her best to create a change or a transformation in the lives of all those who are in need(Marstand et al. 2017, p. 419). She motivates people all around the world to not give up under any situations or circumstances. She wants to train and motivate the youth of the country by educating them. Transformational leaders are those who will be empathetic towards their followers and will look after the needs of each and every one of them as long as they are able to. Ellen does just the same. She cannot keep herself calm whenever she gets to know that someone is in need of help (Zebua et al. 2017, p. 102) It can be concluded that the qualities that are required to become an ideal leader are present within Ellen. She believes herself to be a born leader because right from her childhood she has the natural instinct of helping people with all the possible resources she can get. She is a charismatic and transformational leader as well because she is sets proper vision for her followers. Ellen is also a good coach. She makes sure that she is able to support, train and make people work towards goals for the common good. She is a great motivator who motivates people with her humorous, light-hearted and inspirational speeches. Reference Antonakis, J House, R 2014, Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory,The Leadership Quarterly,vol. 25, no. 4, pp.746-771. Bardoel, E.A., Pettit, T.M., De Cieri, H. and McMillan, L., 2014. Employee resilience: an emerging challenge for HRM.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,52(3), pp.279-297. BBC News. 2018.Obama hails Ellen's 'incredible burden'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-38073567 [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Betterworldinternational.org 2018.How Ellen DeGeneres is Making the World a Better Place. [online] Available at: https://www.betterworldinternational.org/blog/ellen-degeneres-making-world-better-place/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Clarendon, D. 2018.7 Times The Ellen Shows Kindness And Charity Warmed Our Hearts. [online] A Plus. Available at: https://aplus.com/a/ellen-degeneres-show-acts-of-kindness-charity-donation?no_monetization=true [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Cooper Lawrence, S. 2018.We should all try to be as generous as Ellen DeGeneres. [online] SheKnows. Available at: https://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1108319/times-ellen-degeneres-charitable-giving-changed-lives [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. ellentube.com. 2018.Ellen Pompeo Raises Money For The Ellen DeGeneres Wildlife Fund. [online] Available at: https://www.ellentube.com/article/ellen-pompeo-raises-money-for-the-ellen-degeneres-wildlife-fund.html [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Gillota, D 2015, Stand?Up Nation: Humor and American Identity,The Journal of American Culture,vol. 38, no. 2, pp.102-112. Iannucci, L., 2008.Ellen DeGeneres: A Biography: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. Marstand, A, Martin, R Epitropaki, O 2017, Complementary person-supervisor fit: An investigation of supplies-values (SV) fit, leader-member exchange (LMX) and work outcomes,The Leadership Quarterly,vol. 28, no. 3, pp.418-437. Mayo Jr, J.B., 2015. Youth work in gay straight alliances: Curriculum, pedagogy, and activist development.Child Youth Services,36(1), pp.79-93. McNicholas, K Tyler, I 2017, Lesbian brides: post-queer popular culture,Feminist Media Studies,vol. 17, no. 3, pp.315-331. Meyer, E.J., 2015, October. The personal is political: LGBTQ education research and policy since 1993. InThe Educational Forum(Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 347-352). Routledge. Notablebiographies.com. 2018.Ellen DeGeneres Biography - life, childhood, parents, story, history, school, mother, young, book, old, information, born. [online] Available at: https://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ca-Ge/DeGeneres-Ellen.html [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Peltea, B 2015, Impact of change in social representations regarding gender roles and its reflection in motion pictures,Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,vol. 187, pp. 384-389. Rifon, N, Jiang, M Kim, S 2016, Dont hate me because I am beautiful: Identifying the relative influence of celebrity attractiveness and character traits on credibility, Advances in Advertising Research, Vol. 6,pp. 125-134. Rodgers, K. and Scobie, W., 2015. Sealfies, seals and celebs: expressions of Inuit resilience in the Twitter era.Interface: A Journal on Social Movements,7(1), pp.70-97. Tracy, K., 2015.Diana Rigg: The Biography. BenBella Books, Inc.. Zebua, E, Rukmini, D Saleh, M 2017, The Violation and Flouting of Cooperative Principles in the Ellen Degeneres Talk Show,Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature,vol. 12, no. 1, pp.103-113.